The fact that a Mac can boot normally therefore guarantees that the kernel, firmware and software are exactly as intended. Since Big Sur, the great majority of macOS has effectively been locked away as if in ROM, and can’t be changed even by accident, except on Intel.ĭuring Secure Boot on IT2 and AS, each stage of the boot process now verifies the integrity of the code for the next stage. This also depends greatly on which type of Mac we are dealing with: plain Intel Macs (which I’ll refer to as Intel), Intel Macs with T2 chips (IT2), and Apple silicon Macs (AS) differ in their security features, which in turn determine how we should tackle their problems. This article briefly reviews the consequences of Secure Boot, the Sealed System Volume (SSV), code signing requirements on Apple silicon, and Gatekeeper checks in Ventura on how we tackle problems. Most of us continue to use techniques and solutions that ignore those profound changes, only to become frustrated that they no longer work as they used to. Changes in macOS security since Mojave have been deep and extensive, but their impact on troubleshooting isn’t often appreciated.
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